{"id":78,"date":"2018-05-07T09:51:01","date_gmt":"2018-05-07T05:21:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/developerkar.ir\/damdarebartar-en\/?p=78"},"modified":"2018-05-07T09:51:01","modified_gmt":"2018-05-07T05:21:01","slug":"biological-importance-of-rumination-and-its-use-on-farm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damdarbartar.com\/en\/biological-importance-of-rumination-and-its-use-on-farm\/","title":{"rendered":"BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF RUMINATION AND ITS USE ON-FARM"},"content":{"rendered":"<header>\n<h1>BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF RUMINATION AND ITS USE ON-FARM<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>08 July<\/li>\n<li class=\"itemPrint\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.damdarebartar.com\/index.php\/en\/article\/milking-cow\/item\/302-biological-importance-of-rumination-and-its-use-on-farm.html?tmpl=component&amp;print=1\" rel=\"nofollow\"> Print <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"itemBody\">\n<div class=\"itemFullText\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\">BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF RUMINATION AND ITS USE ON-FARM<\/p>\n<p>R. J. Grant and H. M. Dann<br \/>\nWilliam H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute<br \/>\nChazy, NY<\/p>\n<p>INTRODUCTION<\/p>\n<p>Rumination\u00c2\u00a0 is\u00c2\u00a0 controlled\u00c2\u00a0 by\u00c2\u00a0 dietary\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 management\u00c2\u00a0 factors\u00c2\u00a0 such\u00c2\u00a0 as\u00c2\u00a0 fiber<br \/>\namount\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 particle\u00c2\u00a0 size,\u00c2\u00a0 degree\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 overcrowding,\u00c2\u00a0 grouping\u00c2\u00a0 strategies,\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 other<br \/>\npotential stressors in the management environment. Rumination reflects cow health and<br \/>\nis highly sensitive to the state of well-being. However, direct observation of rumination is<br \/>\nlabor\u00c2\u00a0 intensive\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 only\u00c2\u00a0 a\u00c2\u00a0 few\u00c2\u00a0 cows\u00c2\u00a0 may\u00c2\u00a0 be\u00c2\u00a0 monitored\u00c2\u00a0 intensively\u00c2\u00a0 at\u00c2\u00a0 once.\u00c2\u00a0 In\u00c2\u00a0 recent<br \/>\nyears,\u00c2\u00a0 commercial\u00c2\u00a0 systems\u00c2\u00a0 for\u00c2\u00a0 monitoring\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 activity\u00c2\u00a0 have\u00c2\u00a0 become\u00c2\u00a0 available,<br \/>\nand\u00c2\u00a0 published\u00c2\u00a0 research\u00c2\u00a0 indicates\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 there\u00c2\u00a0 is\u00c2\u00a0 reasonable\u00c2\u00a0 correlation\u00c2\u00a0 between\u00c2\u00a0 visual<br \/>\nand electronic monitoring systems (Schirmann et al., 2009). Current research and on-<br \/>\nfarm\u00c2\u00a0 experiences\u00c2\u00a0 are\u00c2\u00a0 beginning\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 demonstrate\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 value\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 monitoring\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 to<br \/>\nidentify\u00c2\u00a0 nutritional\u00c2\u00a0 problems,\u00c2\u00a0 find\u00c2\u00a0 cows\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 estrus,\u00c2\u00a0 detect\u00c2\u00a0 health\u00c2\u00a0 disorders\u00c2\u00a0 earlier,<br \/>\nstreamline\u00c2\u00a0 fresh-cow\u00c2\u00a0 examinations,\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 adjust\u00c2\u00a0 treatment\u00c2\u00a0 protocols\u00c2\u00a0 based\u00c2\u00a0 on\u00c2\u00a0 cow<br \/>\nresponsiveness. As research accumulates, we expect routine rumination monitoring to<br \/>\nincrease because rumination responds to stressors up to 24 h sooner than traditional<br \/>\nmeasurements allowing for more effective cow management.<\/p>\n<p>NUTRITIONAL ROLE OF RUMINATION<\/p>\n<p>Rumination is defined as the regurgitation of fibrous digesta from the rumen to<br \/>\nthe mouth, remastication and reinsalivation, followed by swallowing and returning of the<br \/>\nmaterial\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 rumen\u00c2\u00a0 (Welch,\u00c2\u00a0 1982).\u00c2\u00a0 This\u00c2\u00a0 cyclical\u00c2\u00a0 process\u00c2\u00a0 is\u00c2\u00a0 influenced\u00c2\u00a0 by\u00c2\u00a0 several<br \/>\nprimary factors including dietary and forage-fiber characteristics, health status, stress,<br \/>\nand\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 cow\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s\u00c2\u00a0 management\u00c2\u00a0 environment\u00c2\u00a0 (Grant\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 Albright,\u00c2\u00a0 2006;\u00c2\u00a0 Calamari\u00c2\u00a0 et\u00c2\u00a0 al.,<br \/>\n2014). Rumination is controlled both by the internal environment of the rumen and the<br \/>\nexternal environment of the cow, i.e. the management environment. We have known for<br \/>\ndecades\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 receptors\u00c2\u00a0 located\u00c2\u00a0 within\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 reticulorumen\u00c2\u00a0 are\u00c2\u00a0 sensitive\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 friction\u00c2\u00a0 or<br \/>\n\u00e2\u20ac\u0153scratch\u00c2\u00a0 factor\u00e2\u20ac\u009d\u00c2\u00a0 from\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 fibrous\u00c2\u00a0 components\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 diet\u00c2\u00a0 (Gordon,\u00c2\u00a0 1968).\u00c2\u00a0 Rumination<br \/>\nfacilitates\u00c2\u00a0 digestion,\u00c2\u00a0 particle\u00c2\u00a0 size\u00c2\u00a0 reduction,\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 subsequent\u00c2\u00a0 passage\u00c2\u00a0 from\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 rumen<br \/>\nthereby influencing dry matter intake. Rumination also stimulates salivary secretion and<br \/>\nimproves ruminal function via buffering (Beauchemin, 1991).<\/p>\n<p>Rumination is positively related to feeding time and dry matter intake. Following<br \/>\nperiods of high feed intake, cows spend more time ruminating, usually after a 4-h lag.<br \/>\nRestricting\u00c2\u00a0 feed\u00c2\u00a0 intake\u00c2\u00a0 reduces\u00c2\u00a0 rumination:\u00c2\u00a0 a\u00c2\u00a0 1-kg\u00c2\u00a0 decrease\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 dry\u00c2\u00a0 matter\u00c2\u00a0 intake\u00c2\u00a0 has<br \/>\nbeen associated with a 44 min\/d reduction in rumination (Metz, 1975).<\/p>\n<p>Cows ruminate 25-80 minutes per kilogram of roughage consumed (Sjaastad et<br \/>\nal.,\u00c2\u00a0 2003).\u00c2\u00a0 Mertens\u00c2\u00a0 (1997)\u00c2\u00a0 reported\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 mean\u00c2\u00a0 chewing\u00c2\u00a0 time\u00c2\u00a0 was\u00c2\u00a0 150\u00c2\u00a0 minutes\u00c2\u00a0 per kilogram\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 NDF\u00c2\u00a0 for\u00c2\u00a0 long\u00c2\u00a0 grass\u00c2\u00a0 hay.\u00c2\u00a0 This\u00c2\u00a0 relationship\u00c2\u00a0 between\u00c2\u00a0 NDF\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 chewing<br \/>\nresponse forms the basis of fiber\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s physical effectiveness in the physically effective NDF<br \/>\n(peNDF)\u00c2\u00a0 feeding\u00c2\u00a0 system.\u00c2\u00a0 Physically\u00c2\u00a0 effective\u00c2\u00a0 NDF\u00c2\u00a0 is\u00c2\u00a0 based\u00c2\u00a0 on\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 two\u00c2\u00a0 fundamental<br \/>\nproperties\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 feeds\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 influence\u00c2\u00a0 eating\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 ruminative\u00c2\u00a0 chewing:\u00c2\u00a0 fiber\u00c2\u00a0 content\u00c2\u00a0 and<br \/>\nparticle size. However, recent observations of Miner Institute\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s dairy herd suggest that<br \/>\nmore than simply the amount and quality of forage-fiber influence daily rumination time<br \/>\n(Cotanch,\u00c2\u00a0 2015).\u00c2\u00a0 It\u00c2\u00a0 may\u00c2\u00a0 be\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 cow\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 nutritional\u00c2\u00a0 factors\u00c2\u00a0 set\u00c2\u00a0 a\u00c2\u00a0 \u00e2\u20ac\u0153normal\u00e2\u20ac\u009d\u00c2\u00a0 maximum<br \/>\namount of rumination activity, and as nutritionists and farm managers we essentially can<br \/>\nreduce that maximal activity with non-ideal management.<\/p>\n<p>Ruminant nutritionists have mostly focused on the component of rumination that<br \/>\nis\u00c2\u00a0 determined\u00c2\u00a0 by\u00c2\u00a0 fiber\u00c2\u00a0 physical\u00c2\u00a0 form\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 digestibility.\u00c2\u00a0 However,\u00c2\u00a0 we\u00c2\u00a0 know\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 cows<br \/>\nvoluntarily control rumination and stop when disturbed. Under acute and chronic stress<br \/>\nenvironments, rumination is depressed: rumination is highly sensitive to cow well-being.<br \/>\nIncreasingly,\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 management\u00c2\u00a0 focus\u00c2\u00a0 is\u00c2\u00a0 shifting\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 these\u00c2\u00a0 non-nutritional\u00c2\u00a0 factors\u00c2\u00a0 that<br \/>\ngreatly influence rumination.<\/p>\n<p>RUMINATION AND MANAGEMENT<\/p>\n<p>Figure 1 illustrates several key components of the management environment that<br \/>\nmay reduce the cow\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s expected rumination response to dietary peNDF, fiber digestibility,<br \/>\nor fiber fragility. Rumination follows a 24-h rhythm and ordinarily mature cows will spend<br \/>\n480 to 540 min\/d ruminating under ideal conditions (Van Soest, 1994). A wide range of<br \/>\nmanagement\u00c2\u00a0 factors\u00c2\u00a0 may\u00c2\u00a0 depress\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 activity\u00c2\u00a0 including\u00c2\u00a0 overcrowding,\u00c2\u00a0 mixed<br \/>\nparity\u00c2\u00a0 pens,\u00c2\u00a0 excessive\u00c2\u00a0 time\u00c2\u00a0 spent\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 headlocks,\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 heat\u00c2\u00a0 stress.\u00c2\u00a0 If\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 is<br \/>\nchronically depressed by 10 to 20% due to poor management, then we can reasonably<br \/>\npredict compromised ruminal function and greater risk for associated problems such as<br \/>\nsub-acute rumen acidosis, poorer digestive efficiency, lameness, and lower milk fat and<br \/>\nprotein output.<\/p>\n<p>In particular, recent research shows that overcrowding influences rumination time,<br \/>\nlocation, and cow posture during rumination (Hill et al., 2009). When cows are fed the<br \/>\nsame\u00c2\u00a0 diet,\u00c2\u00a0 as\u00c2\u00a0 stall\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 headlock\u00c2\u00a0 stocking\u00c2\u00a0 density\u00c2\u00a0 is\u00c2\u00a0 varied\u00c2\u00a0 from\u00c2\u00a0 100\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 142%,<br \/>\nrumination time drops by 0.4 h\/d, rumination while standing increases by 0.6 h\/d, while<br \/>\nrecumbent rumination decreases 0.9 h\/d.<\/p>\n<p>Dominance\u00c2\u00a0 hierarchy\u00c2\u00a0 also\u00c2\u00a0 affects\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 activity.\u00c2\u00a0 Ungerfeld\u00c2\u00a0 et\u00c2\u00a0 al.\u00c2\u00a0 (2014)<br \/>\ncompared\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 activity\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 high\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 low\u00c2\u00a0 ranked\u00c2\u00a0 dairy\u00c2\u00a0 cows\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 found\u00c2\u00a0 that<br \/>\nlower\u00c2\u00a0 ranked\u00c2\u00a0 cows\u00c2\u00a0 ruminated\u00c2\u00a0 35%\u00c2\u00a0 less\u00c2\u00a0 than\u00c2\u00a0 higher\u00c2\u00a0 ranked\u00c2\u00a0 cows.\u00c2\u00a0 The\u00c2\u00a0 lower\u00c2\u00a0 ranked<br \/>\ncows had shorter rumination bouts that reflected lower feed intake. The effect of social<br \/>\ninteractions\u00c2\u00a0 within\u00c2\u00a0 a\u00c2\u00a0 group\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 cows\u00c2\u00a0 on\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 needs\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 be\u00c2\u00a0 considered\u00c2\u00a0 when<br \/>\ndeveloping\u00c2\u00a0 effective\u00c2\u00a0 grouping\u00c2\u00a0 strategies\u00c2\u00a0 for\u00c2\u00a0 a\u00c2\u00a0 farm.\u00c2\u00a0 This\u00c2\u00a0 is\u00c2\u00a0 especially\u00c2\u00a0 important\u00c2\u00a0 for<br \/>\nmixed\u00c2\u00a0 parity\u00c2\u00a0 pens\u00c2\u00a0 where\u00c2\u00a0 we\u00c2\u00a0 know\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 primiparous\u00c2\u00a0 cows\u00c2\u00a0 ruminate\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 lie\u00c2\u00a0 down\u00c2\u00a0 less<br \/>\nwhen commingled with mature cows. In fact, we have measured up to a 40% reduction<br \/>\nin rumination activity for primiparous cows when they are resting in stalls known to be<br \/>\npreferred by dominant cows within a pen (Grant, 2012).<br \/>\nFigure 1.\u00c2\u00a0 Physically effective NDF and fiber fragility drive rumination, but poor<br \/>\nmanagement substantially reduces rumination.<\/p>\n<p>RUMINATION: MORE THAN SALIVATION<\/p>\n<p>Rumination is an innate behavioral need of dairy cattle (Lindstrom and Redbo,<br \/>\n2000) and they exhibit stereotypies when it is inhibited.\u00c2\u00a0 When ruminating, whether lying<br \/>\nor standing, cows are quiet and relaxed, with heads down and eyelids lowered. Cows<br \/>\nprefer to ruminate while lying down (Cooper et al., 2007; Schirmann et al., 2012) with<br \/>\nrumination occurring in about 80% of resting bouts. Most rumination occurs at night and<br \/>\nduring the afternoon. Consequently, poor management that impairs lying time may also<br \/>\nreduce rumination. The cow\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s favored resting posture is sternal recumbency with left-<br \/>\nside laterality (55-60% left-side preference). This combination of left-side laterality and<br \/>\nupright posture is thought to optimize positioning of the rumen within the body for most<br \/>\nefficient rumination (Grant et al., 1990; Albright and Arave, 1997).<\/p>\n<p>Total sleep time in cattle is short, and rumination provides the physiological rest<br \/>\nand\u00c2\u00a0 rejuvenation\u00c2\u00a0 provided\u00c2\u00a0 by\u00c2\u00a0 sleep\u00c2\u00a0 (Ruckebusch,\u00c2\u00a0 1972;\u00c2\u00a0 Ewbank,\u00c2\u00a0 1978).\u00c2\u00a0 Cattle<br \/>\nexperience about 3 h\/d of non-REM sleep and 45 min\/d of REM sleep (Ternman et al.,<br \/>\n2012). The EEG patterns recorded during rumination are similar to sleep or somnolence<br \/>\n(Bell,\u00c2\u00a0 1960).\u00c2\u00a0 Rumination\u00c2\u00a0 is\u00c2\u00a0 closely\u00c2\u00a0 associated\u00c2\u00a0 with\u00c2\u00a0 drowsiness\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 can\u00c2\u00a0 even\u00c2\u00a0 occur<br \/>\nwhen\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 cow\u00c2\u00a0 progresses\u00c2\u00a0 into\u00c2\u00a0 non-REM\u00c2\u00a0 sleep.\u00c2\u00a0 There\u00c2\u00a0 may\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 fact\u00c2\u00a0 be\u00c2\u00a0 a\u00c2\u00a0 behavioral<br \/>\ncontinuum\u00c2\u00a0 between\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 sleep\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 ruminants.\u00c2\u00a0 Sufficient\u00c2\u00a0 sleep\u00c2\u00a0 is\u00c2\u00a0 critical\u00c2\u00a0 for<br \/>\nboth metabolic and immune function and the relationships among rumination, resting,<br \/>\nand sleep are critical for the health and well-being of dairy cows.<\/p>\n<p>Rumination activity also increases with advancing age as do number of boli and<br \/>\ntime\u00c2\u00a0 spent\u00c2\u00a0 chewing\u00c2\u00a0 each\u00c2\u00a0 bolus.\u00c2\u00a0 Total\u00c2\u00a0 ruminative\u00c2\u00a0 chewing\u00c2\u00a0 increases\u00c2\u00a0 linearly\u00c2\u00a0 from\u00c2\u00a0 2<br \/>\nyears of age forward (Gregorini et al., 2013). This trend toward greater rumination with<br \/>\nadvancing age may be compensation for reduced chewing efficiency.<\/p>\n<p>USE OF RUMINATION ON-FARM AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL<\/p>\n<p>Cows\u00c2\u00a0 ruminate\u00c2\u00a0 for\u00c2\u00a0 approximately\u00c2\u00a0 450-550\u00c2\u00a0 minutes\u00c2\u00a0 per\u00c2\u00a0 day\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 a\u00c2\u00a0 decrease\u00c2\u00a0 in<br \/>\nrumination time is typically a good sign that something is affecting ruminal function and<br \/>\ncow well-being. Specifically, research and on-farm experience indicate that monitoring<br \/>\ndeviations\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 from\u00c2\u00a0 a\u00c2\u00a0 baseline\u00c2\u00a0 provides\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 most\u00c2\u00a0 useful\u00c2\u00a0 management<br \/>\ninformation. Rumination often responds to a stressor 12 to 24 h sooner than traditionally<br \/>\nobserved\u00c2\u00a0 measures\u00c2\u00a0 such\u00c2\u00a0 as\u00c2\u00a0 elevated\u00c2\u00a0 temperature\u00c2\u00a0 or\u00c2\u00a0 other\u00c2\u00a0 clinical\u00c2\u00a0 signs,\u00c2\u00a0 depressed<br \/>\nfeed intake, or reduced milk yield (Bar and Solomon, 2010). Recently, on-farm systems<br \/>\nhave become available to monitor rumination as well as other behaviors such as activity.<\/p>\n<p>Expected changes in rumination time for a variety of management routines and<br \/>\nbiological processes have been reported based on accumulated on-farm observations<br \/>\nwith a monitoring system that functions on sound created while chewing (SCR, 2013).<br \/>\nReported deviations in rumination include: calving, -255 min\/d; estrus, -75 min\/d; hoof<br \/>\ntrimming, -39 min\/d; heat stress, -20 to -70 min\/d; and mastitis, -63 min\/d (SCR, 2013;<br \/>\nMiner Institute data, 2014). A recommended target for making management decisions<br \/>\nwould be a deviation in rumination of greater than 30 to 50 min\/d for either an individual<br \/>\ncow or a group. Patterns in the variation in rumination should reflect the feed, feeding<br \/>\nmanagement, or the cow\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s physical and social environment. Key areas to assess would<br \/>\ninclude standard operating procedure compliance, facility limitations, and management<br \/>\nroutines.\u00c2\u00a0 Often,\u00c2\u00a0 changes\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 measured\u00c2\u00a0 on-farm\u00c2\u00a0 reflect\u00c2\u00a0 changes\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 feed\u00c2\u00a0 or<br \/>\nfeeding management, cow grouping or cow movement, and overall cow comfort.<\/p>\n<p>Common\u00c2\u00a0 challenges\u00c2\u00a0 faced\u00c2\u00a0 by\u00c2\u00a0 dairy\u00c2\u00a0 producers\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 would\u00c2\u00a0 benefit\u00c2\u00a0 from\u00c2\u00a0 routine<br \/>\nrumination monitoring include:<\/p>\n<p>\u00ef\u201a\u00b7\u00c2\u00a0 Identifying nutritional problems,<br \/>\n\u00ef\u201a\u00b7\u00c2\u00a0 Finding cows in estrus,<br \/>\n\u00ef\u201a\u00b7\u00c2\u00a0 Detect\u00c2\u00a0 health\u00c2\u00a0 problems\u00c2\u00a0 earlier\u00c2\u00a0 such\u00c2\u00a0 as\u00c2\u00a0 metabolic\u00c2\u00a0 disorders,\u00c2\u00a0 mastitis,\u00c2\u00a0 and<br \/>\nlameness,<br \/>\n\u00ef\u201a\u00b7\u00c2\u00a0 Management\u00c2\u00a0 issues\u00c2\u00a0 such\u00c2\u00a0 as\u00c2\u00a0 grouping,\u00c2\u00a0 stocking\u00c2\u00a0 density,\u00c2\u00a0 or\u00c2\u00a0 heat\u00c2\u00a0 stress<br \/>\nabatement,<br \/>\n\u00ef\u201a\u00b7\u00c2\u00a0 Modifying traditional fresh-cow checks with less disturbance of cows and time in<br \/>\nheadlocks, less labor, and greater focus on high-risk cows, and<br \/>\n\u00ef\u201a\u00b7\u00c2\u00a0 Changing treatment and culling decisions because cows can be monitored after<br \/>\ntreatment to evaluate treatment efficacy.<\/p>\n<p>Importantly,\u00c2\u00a0 research\u00c2\u00a0 to-date\u00c2\u00a0 indicates\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 it\u00c2\u00a0 is\u00c2\u00a0 not\u00c2\u00a0 necessarily\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 time\u00c2\u00a0 spent<br \/>\nruminating\u00c2\u00a0 each\u00c2\u00a0 day\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 must\u00c2\u00a0 be\u00c2\u00a0 monitored,\u00c2\u00a0 but\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 change\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 time\u00c2\u00a0 from<br \/>\nday-to-day that is most important.<\/p>\n<p>Rumination Monitoring and Transition Period<\/p>\n<p>Several\u00c2\u00a0 recent\u00c2\u00a0 studies\u00c2\u00a0 have\u00c2\u00a0 demonstrated\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 usefulness\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 monitoring<br \/>\nrumination\u00c2\u00a0 activity\u00c2\u00a0 during\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 periparturient\u00c2\u00a0 period\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 particular\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 first\u00c2\u00a0 week\u00c2\u00a0 of<br \/>\nlactation\u00c2\u00a0 as\u00c2\u00a0 a\u00c2\u00a0 means\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 identify\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 a\u00c2\u00a0 timely\u00c2\u00a0 manner\u00c2\u00a0 those\u00c2\u00a0 cows\u00c2\u00a0 at\u00c2\u00a0 elevated\u00c2\u00a0 risk\u00c2\u00a0 of<br \/>\ndeveloping a disease during early lactation (ex. Calamari et al., 2014).<\/p>\n<p>Rumination\u00c2\u00a0 normally\u00c2\u00a0 decreases\u00c2\u00a0 by\u00c2\u00a0 about\u00c2\u00a0 70%\u00c2\u00a0 at\u00c2\u00a0 parturition\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 increases\u00c2\u00a0 by<br \/>\napproximately\u00c2\u00a0 50\u00c2\u00a0 min\/d\u00c2\u00a0 following\u00c2\u00a0 calving\u00c2\u00a0 (Soriani\u00c2\u00a0 et\u00c2\u00a0 al.,\u00c2\u00a0 2012).\u00c2\u00a0 However,\u00c2\u00a0 severe<br \/>\ninflammation around parturition is associated with a slower increase in rumination time<br \/>\nfollowing calving (Soriani et al., 2012). Additionally, more than 90% of cows that had low<br \/>\nrumination\u00c2\u00a0 during\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 first\u00c2\u00a0 3\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 6\u00c2\u00a0 days\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 milk\u00c2\u00a0 experienced\u00c2\u00a0 clinical\u00c2\u00a0 disease\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 early<br \/>\nlactation compared with only 42% for those cows that had greater rumination time. The<br \/>\naverage rumination time prior to calving was 479 min\/d (from -20 to -2 d prepartum),<br \/>\nand\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 value\u00c2\u00a0 ranged\u00c2\u00a0 from\u00c2\u00a0 264\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 599\u00c2\u00a0 min\/d\u00c2\u00a0 (Soriani\u00c2\u00a0 et\u00c2\u00a0 al.,\u00c2\u00a0 2012).\u00c2\u00a0 For\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 high-<br \/>\nrumination cows during the first week postpartum, the increase in rumination time after<br \/>\ncalving was very rapid: by 3 days in milk rumination time had reached the average value<br \/>\nobserved for the entire first month of lactation. In contrast, the lower rumination cows<br \/>\ndid not reach a stable level of rumination similar to high-ruminators until 15 days in milk.<\/p>\n<p>Earlier\u00c2\u00a0 research\u00c2\u00a0 has\u00c2\u00a0 found\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 primi-\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 multiparous\u00c2\u00a0 cows\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 have\u00c2\u00a0 greater<br \/>\nlying and ruminating activity for d -2 and -6 prepartum have greater dry matter intake<br \/>\nand milk yield on d 1 to 14 postpartum (Daniels et al., 2003). Furthermore, cows with<br \/>\nless rumination time prepartum tend to have less rumination time postpartum. Shorter<br \/>\nrumination time is also associated with an\u00c2\u00a0 elevated risk of several\u00c2\u00a0 metabolic disorders<br \/>\n(&lt;420\u00c2\u00a0 min\/d;\u00c2\u00a0 Soriani\u00c2\u00a0 et\u00c2\u00a0 al.,\u00c2\u00a0 2012).\u00c2\u00a0 Figure\u00c2\u00a0 2\u00c2\u00a0 shows\u00c2\u00a0 a\u00c2\u00a0 screen\u00c2\u00a0 shot\u00c2\u00a0 from\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 SCR<br \/>\nrumination monitoring system to illustrate how a fresh cow with low rumination activity<br \/>\nmay be tracked.<\/p>\n<p>Most\u00c2\u00a0 recently,\u00c2\u00a0 Stangaferro\u00c2\u00a0 et\u00c2\u00a0 al.\u00c2\u00a0 (2015a)\u00c2\u00a0 compared\u00c2\u00a0 prepartum\u00c2\u00a0 rumination<br \/>\npatterns of lactating dairy cows from -7 d to calving that developed health disorders to<br \/>\nthose\u00c2\u00a0 cows\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 did\u00c2\u00a0 not\u00c2\u00a0 up\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 30\u00c2\u00a0 days\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 milk.\u00c2\u00a0 For\u00c2\u00a0 all\u00c2\u00a0 health\u00c2\u00a0 disorders\u00c2\u00a0 combined,<br \/>\nrumination time was less for cows with health disorders (439 min\/d) than for cows with<br \/>\nno health disorders (456 min\/d). Rumination time was lowest on the day of calving (391<br \/>\nmin)\u00c2\u00a0 than\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 6\u00c2\u00a0 d\u00c2\u00a0 preceding\u00c2\u00a0 calving\u00c2\u00a0 (range\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 458\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 463\u00c2\u00a0 min)\u00c2\u00a0 for\u00c2\u00a0 all\u00c2\u00a0 cows.\u00c2\u00a0 These<br \/>\nresearchers concluded that, starting 7 d prepartum, rumination patterns are altered in<br \/>\ncows that suffer health disorders within 30 days in milk. Specifically, rumination time is<br \/>\nreduced in cows that suffer metabolic disease (such as abomasal displacement, ketosis,<br \/>\nor indigestion) and metritis, but not in cows with retained placenta or mastitis.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.damdarebartar.com\/images\/Cow0016.jpg\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Figure 2.\u00c2\u00a0 Example fresh cow with low rumination time and\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0\u00c2\u00a0 associated health<br \/>\nproblems.<\/p>\n<p>Ability to relate rumination time to mastitis may be related to severity of systemic<br \/>\nillness and type of mastitis-causing pathogen (Stangaferro et al., 2015a). Nonetheless,<br \/>\nthe rumination monitoring system identified cows with abomasal displacement, ketosis,<br \/>\nmetritis, and mastitis earlier than farm personnel (Stangaferro et al., 2015b). The mean<br \/>\ndays\u00c2\u00a0 between\u00c2\u00a0 clinical\u00c2\u00a0 sign\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 disease\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 day\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 disease\u00c2\u00a0 was\u00c2\u00a0 flagged\u00c2\u00a0 by\u00c2\u00a0 the<br \/>\nrumination\u00c2\u00a0 system\u00c2\u00a0 was\u00c2\u00a0 -3\u00c2\u00a0 d\u00c2\u00a0 for\u00c2\u00a0 abomasal\u00c2\u00a0 displacement,\u00c2\u00a0 -1.6\u00c2\u00a0 d\u00c2\u00a0 for\u00c2\u00a0 ketosis,\u00c2\u00a0 -0.5\u00c2\u00a0 d\u00c2\u00a0 for<br \/>\nindigestion, -0.8 d for metritis, and -0.8 d for mastitis.<\/p>\n<p>This\u00c2\u00a0 research\u00c2\u00a0 demonstrates\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 technology\u00c2\u00a0 may\u00c2\u00a0 improve\u00c2\u00a0 cow\u00c2\u00a0 care<br \/>\nand cow well-being by helping to identify health disorders more quickly. Research and<br \/>\non-farm observations have effectively related rumination activity and mastitis detection<br \/>\n(Lacker\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 Bar,\u00c2\u00a0 2013),\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 estrus\u00c2\u00a0 (Pahl\u00c2\u00a0 et\u00c2\u00a0 al.,\u00c2\u00a0 2015),\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 and<br \/>\ngrouping\u00c2\u00a0 strategy\u00c2\u00a0 (Grant\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 Albright,\u00c2\u00a0 2001),\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 calving\u00c2\u00a0 pen<br \/>\nmanagement (Morrison et al., 2013). The relationship between rumination activity and<br \/>\nlameness detection is less certain. Although Van Hertem et al. (2013) found that cows<br \/>\nruminated\u00c2\u00a0 less\u00c2\u00a0 at\u00c2\u00a0 night\u00c2\u00a0 (8:00\u00c2\u00a0 pm\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 4:00\u00c2\u00a0 am)\u00c2\u00a0 before\u00c2\u00a0 being\u00c2\u00a0 diagnosed\u00c2\u00a0 as\u00c2\u00a0 lame,\u00c2\u00a0 Van<br \/>\nHertem et al. (2014) concluded that hoof trimming per se had relatively small effects on<br \/>\nrumination and was dependent on several factors such as parity, stage of lactation, and<br \/>\neffect of hoof trimming on subsequent distribution of locomotion scores.<\/p>\n<p>Rumination and Reproduction<\/p>\n<p>Pahl et al. (2015) found that rumination was reduced for about 30 hours around<br \/>\nestrus\u00c2\u00a0 but\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 primary\u00c2\u00a0 drop\u00c2\u00a0 occurred\u00c2\u00a0 at\u00c2\u00a0 6:00\u00c2\u00a0 am\u00c2\u00a0 on\u00c2\u00a0 d\u00c2\u00a0 -1\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 noon\u00c2\u00a0 on\u00c2\u00a0 d\u00c2\u00a0 0.\u00c2\u00a0 Their<br \/>\nresearch indicates the potential to use changes in rumination as well as feeding times<br \/>\naround estrus as a useful aid for early estrus detection. Rumination also shows great<br \/>\npotential for monitoring of calving events (Pahl et al., 2014). In this study, cows stopped<br \/>\nruminating 123\u00c2\u00b158 min before calving and resumed ruminating 355\u00c2\u00b1194 min following<br \/>\ncalving. Schirmann et al. (2013) found that daily rumination time decreased by about 63 and\u00c2\u00a0 133\u00c2\u00a0 min\u00c2\u00a0 during\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 24\u00c2\u00a0 h\u00c2\u00a0 before\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 after\u00c2\u00a0 calving,\u00c2\u00a0 respectively.\u00c2\u00a0 Similarly,\u00c2\u00a0 feeding<br \/>\ntime was decreased by about 66 and 82 min per day before and after calving.<\/p>\n<p>Rumination and Heat Stress<\/p>\n<p>Heat\u00c2\u00a0 stress\u00c2\u00a0 negatively\u00c2\u00a0 affects\u00c2\u00a0 cow\u00c2\u00a0 behavior,\u00c2\u00a0 including\u00c2\u00a0 rumination.\u00c2\u00a0 Tapki\u00c2\u00a0 and<br \/>\nSahin\u00c2\u00a0 (2006)\u00c2\u00a0 found\u00c2\u00a0 that,\u00c2\u00a0 as\u00c2\u00a0 air\u00c2\u00a0 temperature\u00c2\u00a0 rose\u00c2\u00a0 from\u00c2\u00a0 25\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 40 o C,\u00c2\u00a0 eating\u00c2\u00a0 decreased<br \/>\n46%, standing increased 34%, locomotion decreased 19%, and rumination decreased<br \/>\nby 22%. Higher producing cows (&gt;32 kg\/d) were more sensitive than lower producing<br \/>\ncows, especially for lying and ruminating activities. More recently, Soriani et al. (2013)<br \/>\nobserved\u00c2\u00a0 a\u00c2\u00a0 negative\u00c2\u00a0 relationship\u00c2\u00a0 between\u00c2\u00a0 daily\u00c2\u00a0 maximum\u00c2\u00a0 temperature-humidity\u00c2\u00a0 index<br \/>\n(THI) and rumination time with a reduction of 2.2 min of rumination time for every daily<br \/>\nmaximum\u00c2\u00a0 THI\u00c2\u00a0 unit\u00c2\u00a0 over\u00c2\u00a0 76.\u00c2\u00a0 Rumination\u00c2\u00a0 time\u00c2\u00a0 was\u00c2\u00a0 negatively\u00c2\u00a0 related\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 breathing\u00c2\u00a0 rate<br \/>\nand\u00c2\u00a0 positively\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 milk\u00c2\u00a0 yield.\u00c2\u00a0 At\u00c2\u00a0 Miner\u00c2\u00a0 Institute,\u00c2\u00a0 we\u00c2\u00a0 have\u00c2\u00a0 observed\u00c2\u00a0 approximately\u00c2\u00a0 1\u00c2\u00a0 h<br \/>\ndifference\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 time\u00c2\u00a0 for\u00c2\u00a0 cows\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 were\u00c2\u00a0 exposed\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 minimal\u00c2\u00a0 heat\u00c2\u00a0 stress<br \/>\nabatement (fans only over the stalls) versus fans and sprinklers over the feed bunk and<br \/>\nthe\u00c2\u00a0 free\u00c2\u00a0 stalls.\u00c2\u00a0 This\u00c2\u00a0 strong\u00c2\u00a0 negative\u00c2\u00a0 relationship\u00c2\u00a0 between\u00c2\u00a0 heat\u00c2\u00a0 stress\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 rumination<br \/>\nallows\u00c2\u00a0 us\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 use\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 monitoring\u00c2\u00a0 to\u00c2\u00a0 gage\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 effectiveness\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 heat\u00c2\u00a0 abatement<br \/>\nstrategies implemented by the producer.<\/p>\n<p>Current Outlook for Using Rumination Monitoring<\/p>\n<p>Despite the potential effectiveness of rumination monitoring, not all studies have<br \/>\nfound useful relationships. For example, Liboreiro et al. (2015) concluded that, although<br \/>\ndifferences\u00c2\u00a0 in\u00c2\u00a0 daily\u00c2\u00a0 rumination\u00c2\u00a0 time\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 activity\u00c2\u00a0 between\u00c2\u00a0 cows\u00c2\u00a0 that\u00c2\u00a0 developed<br \/>\nperiparturient diseases and healthy cows were observed, further research is required to<br \/>\ndetermine how rumination time and activity data can be used to diagnose cows that will<br \/>\ndevelop\u00c2\u00a0 disease\u00c2\u00a0 earlier\u00c2\u00a0 than\u00c2\u00a0 using\u00c2\u00a0 standard\u00c2\u00a0 visual\u00c2\u00a0 observations.\u00c2\u00a0 They\u00c2\u00a0 concluded,\u00c2\u00a0 as<br \/>\nhave other research groups, that diagnosis of infectious and metabolic diseases works<br \/>\nbest when the focus is on change in rumination time from day-to-day.<\/p>\n<p>The\u00c2\u00a0 bottom\u00c2\u00a0 line\u00c2\u00a0 across\u00c2\u00a0 nearly\u00c2\u00a0 all\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 the\u00c2\u00a0 published\u00c2\u00a0 research\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 on-farm<br \/>\nobservations is that the results verify that rumination monitoring systems may provide<br \/>\npredictive and actionable information that farmers can use to improve management of<br \/>\nthe individual cow, a group of cows, and the whole herd.<\/p>\n<p>RUMINATION: THE BOTTOM LINE<\/p>\n<p>Rumination is highly sensitive to changes in dietary peNDF and fiber digestibility,<br \/>\ncow health and well-being. Its use as a routine on-farm monitoring tool is expected to<br \/>\ngrow since it will allow earlier identification of problems and more timely intervention<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF RUMINATION AND ITS USE ON-FARM 08 July Print BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF RUMINATION AND ITS USE ON-FARM R. J. Grant and H. M. Dann William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute Chazy, NY INTRODUCTION Rumination\u00c2\u00a0 is\u00c2\u00a0 controlled\u00c2\u00a0 by\u00c2\u00a0 dietary\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 management\u00c2\u00a0 factors\u00c2\u00a0 such\u00c2\u00a0 as\u00c2\u00a0 fiber amount\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 particle\u00c2\u00a0 size,\u00c2\u00a0 degree\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 overcrowding,\u00c2\u00a0 grouping\u00c2\u00a0 strategies,\u00c2\u00a0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[542,155],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-78","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-article-news","category-article"],"acf":[],"featured_image_src":{"landsacpe":false,"list":false,"medium":false,"full":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.4 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF RUMINATION AND ITS USE ON-FARM - DamdarBartar | \u062f\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/damdarbartar.com\/en\/biological-importance-of-rumination-and-its-use-on-farm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF RUMINATION AND ITS USE ON-FARM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF RUMINATION AND ITS USE ON-FARM 08 July Print BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF RUMINATION AND ITS USE ON-FARM R. 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Miner Agricultural Research Institute Chazy, NY INTRODUCTION Rumination\u00c2\u00a0 is\u00c2\u00a0 controlled\u00c2\u00a0 by\u00c2\u00a0 dietary\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 management\u00c2\u00a0 factors\u00c2\u00a0 such\u00c2\u00a0 as\u00c2\u00a0 fiber amount\u00c2\u00a0 and\u00c2\u00a0 particle\u00c2\u00a0 size,\u00c2\u00a0 degree\u00c2\u00a0 of\u00c2\u00a0 overcrowding,\u00c2\u00a0 grouping\u00c2\u00a0 strategies,\u00c2\u00a0 [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/damdarbartar.com\/en\/biological-importance-of-rumination-and-its-use-on-farm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"DamdarBartar | \u062f\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-05-07T05:21:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/www.damdarebartar.com\/images\/Cow0016.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u06cc\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"19 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/damdarbartar.com\/en\/biological-importance-of-rumination-and-its-use-on-farm\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/damdarbartar.com\/en\/biological-importance-of-rumination-and-its-use-on-farm\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u06cc\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/damdarbartar.com\/#\/schema\/person\/7177e79f4cb4e9714671ecb98a01e9cb\"},\"headline\":\"BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF RUMINATION AND ITS USE ON-FARM\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-05-07T05:21:01+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/damdarbartar.com\/en\/biological-importance-of-rumination-and-its-use-on-farm\/\"},\"wordCount\":2682,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/damdarbartar.com\/en\/biological-importance-of-rumination-and-its-use-on-farm\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/www.damdarebartar.com\/images\/Cow0016.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Article and News\",\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/damdarbartar.com\/en\/biological-importance-of-rumination-and-its-use-on-farm\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/damdarbartar.com\/en\/biological-importance-of-rumination-and-its-use-on-farm\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/damdarbartar.com\/en\/biological-importance-of-rumination-and-its-use-on-farm\/\",\"name\":\"BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF RUMINATION AND ITS USE ON-FARM - 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